The medulla oblongata, usually referred to as the medulla, is the lowest region of the brainstem and is also believed to be the brain's earliest structure. The medulla is responsible for the regulation of heart rate, sneezing, breathing, and other autonomic activities of the body. The medulla's higher, thicker area is linked to the fourth ventricle, while the medulla's lower half is attached to the spinal column. The overwhelming majority of nerve impulses in the body must pass via the medulla on their way to or from the brain.
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If you havenât previously, cut a sagittal piece of the cerebellum with your knife or scalpel and locate the arbor vitae, so called because its white matter forms a pattern like a tree.
Cut a cross section of the cerebrum in the occipital lobe region using a scalpel. You should be able to distinguish the gray matter (at the cerebral cortex, which forms the cross-outer section's edge) from the white matter (the interior portions of the cerebrum.)
The medulla oblongata (or âmedullaâ for short) is the most caudal segment of the brainstem. It seems largely featureless from the medial perspective seen in Figure 1.12. In later laboratory sessions, we will examine its external markers in more detail from the ventral perspective of the brain. Except for the lateral ventricles, all components of the ventricular system are visible on a typical medial surface of the brain cut in the midsagittal plane. The lateral ventricle is visible in this hemisphere due to the dissection of the septum pellucidum; this is a very thin tissue composed of ependymal cells that forms the medial wall between the two lateral ventricles. The third ventricle occupies a small gap in the diencephalon's midline region, between the visible one and the one that has been taken away. The third ventricle communicates with the lateral ventricle through a tiny opening called the interventricular foramen (or foramen of Monro), which is located towards the anterior-dorsal end of the third ventricle, just lateral to the fornix. Caudally, the third ventricle joins the cerebral aqueduct, which flows across the midbrain. It meets the fourth ventricle, a vast region in the dorsal pons and medulla, at its caudal end. The fourth ventricle narrows laterally and caudally, allowing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to enter the adult ventricular system via two lateral apertures (the foramen of Luschka) and a single medial aperture (the foramen of Magendie). CSF then circulates throughout the subarachnoid space, eventually rejoining the venous circulation in the superior sagittal sinus.
